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Sudan’s sandstone landmark, seasonal waterworks and manta study
UNESCO describes Gebel Barkal as a flat-topped sandstone rock about 100 metres high. At Musawwarat, the Great Hafir collected water from Wadi es-Sufra; a 2022 study examined reef manta presence in Dungonab Bay.
At a glance
A place worth remembering
A sandstone landmark beside the Nile
UNESCO describes Gebel Barkal as a flat-topped sandstone rock about 100 metres high. It places the mountain’s sacred significance in the New Kingdom, around 1500 BCE.[1]
How the Great Hafir gathered seasonal water
A dated acoustic study of reef manta rays
UNESCO groups Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island as one component of a marine property in the Red Sea. A 2022 study used acoustic receivers to track Mobula alfredi in Dungonab Bay between 2 November 2012 and 24 October 2014. During the 722-day span covered by the group’s monitoring record, the array logged detections on 695 days (96%). This result describes the monitored array, not the bay’s full manta population.[4][5]
Good to know
A few clear answers before you explore.
What kind of rock is Gebel Barkal?
UNESCO describes a flat-topped sandstone rock about 100 metres high. Its account traces the mountain’s sacred significance to the New Kingdom, around 1500 BCE.[1]
How did the Great Hafir collect water?
Topoi attributes Musawwarat’s water supply to yearly summer rains. The Musawwarat project says the Great Hafir stored Wadi es-Sufra water and had inlet works that directed it toward the basin.[2][3]
Does 695 of 722 days mean the study counted 96% of the bay’s manta population?
No. The percentage describes days with detections in the receiver array, not an estimate of the number of mantas in the bay.[5]
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