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Indonesia: Borobudur reliefs, Komodo wildlife and Bali’s water network
The Borobudur Conservation Office places 160 Karmawibhangga panels on the temple’s original base. The Komodo park authority reported about 3,156 dragons in its 2022 population monitoring. On Bali, UNESCO describes how water temples coordinate subak irrigation across rice-terrace watersheds.
At a glance
A place worth remembering
Borobudur: Karmawibhangga at the temple’s base
The Borobudur Conservation Office locates 160 Karmawibhangga panels on the temple’s original base and identifies this level as Kamadhatu. Its account says the panels show cause and effect and describes Kamadhatu as the human realm, where people remain bound by worldly desire.[1]
Komodo: a dated population count
Bali: water temples coordinate subak irrigation
Rice terraces in Bali are managed through subak groups. UNESCO’s overview traces the system to the 9th century; its detailed account dates the coordinating role of water temples across whole watersheds to the 11th.[5]
Good to know
A few clear answers before you explore.
What does Kamadhatu represent in the conservation office’s account?
The office identifies it with Borobudur’s original base and describes it as the human realm, where people remain bound by worldly desire.[1]
Which temples are included with Borobudur in the UNESCO compound?
UNESCO includes Mendut and Pawon as the two smaller temples in the compound; both lie east of Borobudur.[2]
Why do UNESCO’s subak descriptions give two dates?
They refer to different scopes: the overview dates Bali’s general subak system to the 9th century, while the detailed account dates watershed-level coordination by water-temple networks to the 11th.[5]
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